Gen. Winfield Scott enters Mexico City, March 1847
This post provides a timeline for some of the major milestones of the Mexican War.
Mexican Government:
1821: Spanish colonial authorities give Moses Austin permission for 300 American families to immigrate into Texas
1822: Iturbide becomes Emperor. Mexico achieves formal independence. US recognizes Mexican independence in October. Santa Anna begins revolt against Iturbide.
To expand a bit on 1822, the years 1820-23 were a period in which the tyrannical government of Fernando VII in Spain agree to place back into effect the liberal Constitution of Cádiz. The sitting viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), Apodaca, supported the move as did large sections of the politically active Mexican population. But the aristocracy in New Spain and the Church hierarchy there came up with a plan to declare Mexican independence and proclaim a Mexican Empire, with the crown offered to Fernando VII or another Bourbon. Gen. Augustín de Iturbide allied with the monarchist conspirators. The Imperio Mexicano officially came into being on Sept. 27, 1821, initially ruled by a junta. Iturbide was crowned Emperor Augustine I on Feb. 21, 1822. Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna began a revolt against Iturbide late in 1822.
1823: The Santa Anna-led revolt ends with the installation of a new junta on Nov. 7; Central American provinces decide for independence of Mexico, Chiapas province chooses to remain part of Mexico
1824: Mexican Republic proclaimed on Oct. 4. Guadalupe Victoria becomes President.
1825: Treaty of Peace and Friendship between US and Mexico
1827: Military rebellion in Otumba, Mexico, which raises objections to US intrigues in Mexican politics
1829: Vicente Guerrero becomes President; Guerrero's government successfully repels an invasion by 3,000 Spanish troops, demonstrating Mexico's defensive capabilities
1830: Anastasio Bustamante seizes power in a revolt, becomes President of the Republic
1831: Bustamante's government executes Guerrero by firing squad
1833: Gen. Manuel Gómez Pedraza becomes President for three months; Santa Anna becomes President - between 1833 and 1855, he will be in and out of the Presidency 11 times; his Vice President Valentín Gómez de Farías plays a large role in the Santa Anna government for the next two years; Gómez Farías was a committed liberal, but Santa Anna's more conservative sympathies limited liberal reform
1836: Santa Anna conducts war of independence against Mexico; Santa Anna captured by Texans, signs Treaty of Velasco granting Texas independence; Mexican Congress adopts the liberal Constitution of 1836 that comes into effect Jan. 1, 1837
1837: Bustamante elected President
1838: France attempts to seize Veracruz, repelled by Santa Anna in la Guerra de los Pasteles, in which Santa Anna loses a leg
1841: A three-man military junta (Generals Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, Gabriel Valencia and Santa Anna) ousts Bustamante as President; Santa Anna becomes provisional president in a military dictatorship
1842: Santa Anna names Nicolas Bravo President
1843: Santa Anna returns to the Presidency, which he soon passes to Valentín Canalizo
1844: Santa Anna elected President, requests funds for a military expedition against Texas; Paredes begins a revolt in Guadaljara against Santa Anna's government; Santa Anna places Canalizo in again as interim president while he leads an army against Paredes; officials and citizens of Mexico City imprison Canalizo in December; José Joaquín de Herrera becomes President
1845: Santa Anna jailed, then exiled to Cuba; Paredes presses revolt against Herrera
1846: Paredes ousts Herrera and becomes President; Paredes ousted by army revolt in August; Nicolás Bravo serves as substitute President; Gen. Marioano Sala and Valentín Gómez de Farías become heads of interim government; Santa Anna returns in August to lead the army against the United States; Gómez Farías elected President;
Mariano Paredes de Arrillaga1847: Santa Anna resumes Presidency; Pedro María Anaya becomes substitute President; Manuel de la Peña y Peña serves as interim president (Sept-Nov) while US occupies capital; Anaya again becomes interim President
Feb 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed ending war with the US
June 1848: Peña again becomes interim president (Jan-June); Herrera returns to Presidency in June, serves until 1851
See timeline for Administración Nacional at Archivo General de la Nación México.
Texas:
1835: rebellion against Mexico begins with a tentative declaration of independence in Nacogdoches on 11/07
1836: Texas formally declares independence in New Washington on 03/02; Sam Houston selected as President, Lorenzo de Zaval as Vice President; Texans defeated and massacred by Santa Anna's troops at Ft. Alamo in March; Sam Houston's Texas troops defeat Santa Anna's army at the Battle of San Jacinto and takes Santa Anna prisoner; Santa Anna signs treaty granting Texas independence
United States:
1820: Compromise of 1820; slavery issue emerges as a serious regional division
1844: Treaty of annexation between the US and Texas signed in March, rejected by the Senate; Democrat James K. Polk elected President, takes office in March of 1845
1845: Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate sale of Texas and California to the US
Mar 1845: Congress approves annexation of Texas through joint resolution
Dec 1845: US formally annexes Texas as a slave state
Jan 1846: Polk presses military confrontation with Mexico at the piece of land between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers that is in dispute between Texas and Mexico
July 1846: John Charles Fremont proclaims the fake Republic of California (Bear Flag Republic)
Mar 1847: US troops under Gen. Winfield Scott enter Mexico City
Feb 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed ending war with Mexico
Tags: confederate heritage month 2008, guerra de estados unidos a méxico, guerra mexicano-estadounidense, mexican-american war
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