Max Horkheimer wrote on "Die Juden und Europa" in the 1-2/1939 number of the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung. A note at the end says that it was completed in the first days of September 1939, which meant just as the Second World War had broken out with Germany’s invasion of Poland. He refers in this article to the "second world war."
In the last paragraph, he refers to the fascist governments in Europe and particularly to the Nazi regime in Germany as the "Iron Heel," a reference to the 1908 novel of the same name by Jack London, which projected with a dictatorship in an advanced capitalist society might look like.
This essay strikes me as not being very good on its stated subject. It’s more interesting in terms of the dismay on Horkheimer's part as he begins to evaluate the new situation of the World War that had just begun.
Most of this essay elaborates Horkheimer's Marxist understanding of fascism as the more-or-less inevitable development of capitalism.
Theordor Adorno deals more explicitly, though also not at great length, with anti-Semitic ideology in the same issue of ZfS in "Fragmente über Wagner" ("Fragments on Wagner").
Tags: adorno, anti-semitism, frankfurt school, frankfurter schule, max horkheimer
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